What is defined as infiltration in hydrology?

Infiltration in hydrology specifically refers to the process by which water is absorbed into the soil from sources such as precipitation or streamflow. This process is crucial as it determines how much water will be available to plants and how much will contribute to groundwater replenishment. As water seeps into the soil, it moves through various soil layers, replenishing soil moisture and potentially recharging aquifers.

The absorption of water by soil is influenced by factors such as soil texture, structure, and moisture content. Together, these characteristics determine the rate at which infiltration occurs and how effectively water is retained in the soil for plant use and groundwater systems. Understanding this process is essential for effective water management, agricultural practices, and maintaining healthy ecosystems.

The other options describe different hydrological processes such as the movement of water within aquifers, evaporation, and runoff, which do not pertain to the specific process of water absorption into soil.