What is groundwater overdraft?

Groundwater overdraft occurs when groundwater is extracted from aquifers at a rate that exceeds the natural replenishment of that water source. Aquifers are geological formations that store water underground, and they rely on processes such as rainfall, snowmelt, and surface water infiltration to sustainably recharge their supplies. When this extraction surpasses the rate of replenishment, it leads to a depletion of groundwater resources, which can result in various negative impacts such as lowering water tables, increased groundwater salinity, and the drying up of wells and springs. This can also harm ecosystems that depend on consistent groundwater levels.

The other options describe different processes related to water management. For example, storing excess water in aquifers refers to aquifer storage and recharge methods, while recharging aquifers with surface water involves specific techniques to enhance groundwater supplies. Restoring ecosystems linked to groundwater is crucial for ecological balance, but it does not directly define overdraft. Understanding groundwater overdraft is essential for effective water resource management and sustainability.